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Haus des Meeres
The Haus des Meeres (HdM, English: ''House of the Sea'') is a public aquarium in Vienna, Austria. It is located in Esterhazy Park in downtown Mariahilf district, one block south of the busy Mariahilfer Straße. The Haus des Meeres houses over ten thousand aquatic beings on an area of around inside a tall concrete flak tower built during World War II.〔''(Aqua Terra Zoo (in German) )''. Haus des Meeres. Retrieved 2010-08-24.〕 In 2012 the Haus des Meeres attracted a record high of 436,500 visitors.〔Haus des Meeres (9 January 2013). ''(Neuerlich Besucherrekord 2012! (in German) )'' Retrieved 3 March 2013.〕 The Haus des Meeres is managed by Aqua Terra Zoo, a private non-profit organization which, according to its web site, receives only marginal financial support from municipal authorities.〔85 thousand euros in 2009, or 2.5% of the annual budget. - ''(Vereinsvorstand (in German) )''. Haus des Meeres. Retrieved 2010-08-28.〕 However, the maintenance costs for the former flak tower are paid by the taxpayer.〔〔
==Background==
The first public seawater aquarium in Vienna was opened in 1860 by Gustav Jäger. Jäger's aquarium, like its contemporaries, relied on regular delivery of natural seawater. It became a reality in 1854 with the construction of the Semmering railway linking Vienna with the Mediterranean coast.〔Brunner, Brendt (2005). ''(The ocean at home: an illustrated history of the aquarium )''. Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 1-56898-502-9. p. 104.〕 After two years of experimenting with small seawater tanks Jäger built a large aquarium for public display. He described the feelings of contemporary people who faced the unknown submarine world: "The first-time visitor ... cannot contain his inner excitement. His curiosity is so great that he can hardly enjoy the moment: I am sorry, but he looks so helpless, as if he has suddenly found himself among people whose language he neither speaks nor understands."〔Brunner, Brendt (2005). ''(The ocean at home: an illustrated history of the aquarium )''. Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 1-56898-502-9. p. 7.〕 Visitors sought new experience, but resisted believing what they saw behind the glass. The aquarium was a financial loss, and Jäger had to close it after four years of operation.〔
The concrete tower housing the present-day aquarium was erected as a fire control flak tower in ten months between October 1943 and July 1944.〔 The tower is tall, with a footprint of , and its gross volume, including extensive foundations, reaches .〔〔 In 1944 it was crowned with a Würzburg radar dome. In case of imminent air raid threat, the radar could be lowered into a concrete shaft with thick concrete walls.〔''(Flakturm (in German) )''. Haus des Meeres. Retrieved 2010-08-24.〕 The subordinate gun battery tower is located inside a city block north of Marihilfer Straße. The two towers operated as a single combat unit, in cooperation with two other pairs of flak towers built in Augarten (north) and in Arenberg Park (south-east).〔Owing to prohibitively high costs of demolition, all six Viennese flak towers stand to date. As of 2009, demolition cost estimates start at 100 million Euro for each tower. - ''(NS-Gedenkstätte im Flakturm (in German) ). Die Presse. April 5, 2009 (printed edition: April 7). Retrieved 2010-08-28.〕 After the war the tower in Esterhazy Park was temporarily used as a hotel with 38 rooms in a bunker, and then converted to a fire station.〔''(Wofür die Flaktürme heute verwendet werden (in German) )''. Die Presse, February 2, 2010 (printed edition: February 9, 2010). Retrieved 2010-08-28.〕
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